Manning, John C., 1997, Applied principles of hydrology: 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, Inc. 276p.

The study of physical, chemical, and biological elements of rivers, lakes, wetlands, and groundwater, and the economic, social, political, and legal issues currently associated with these systems.

SEP	.	.
Mon	10	Introduction (Ch. 1); The Hydrologic Cycle (Ch. 1)
Mon	17	Structure and Properties of Water (Ch. 2); Lab 1
Mon	24	Evaporation and Condensation (Ch. 3); Lab 2
OCT	.	.
Mon	1	Exam 1; Precipitation (Ch. 4); Lab 3
Mon	8	Infiltration (Ch. 5); Lab 4
Mon	15	Evapotranspiration (Ch. 6); Groundwater (Ch. 7); Lab 5
Mon	22	Groundwater (Ch. 7); Lab 6
Mon	29	Exam 2; Wetlands; Lab 7
NOV	.	.
Mon	5	Wetlands; Lab 8
Mon	12	Runoff; Lab 9
Mon	19	Exam 3
Mon	26	Water Chemistry (Ch. 9); Lab 10
DEC	.	.
Mon	3	Water Pollution; Lab 11
Mon	10	Water Law
Mon	17	Exam 4

The details of this syllabus are subject to change with the changing needs of the class. Changes may include exam dates so attend class regularly to remain abreast of any changes.

Exams include problems from the laboratories.
Define hydrology
What are pore spaces?
Discuss the process by which Earth's water may have originated from the mantle.
What is evaporation? Condensation?
What is infiltration? Runoff?
How much precipitation does Washtenaw County receive in a year? Of this precipitation how much runsoff, infiltrates, and evaporates?
Give the chemical formula for water.
Draw an accurate picture of a water molecule.
Discuss, in terms of the polarity of a water molecule, why water is a powerful solvent.
What is adhesion? Discuss what is occurring at the atomic level.
What is cohesion?
What is surface tension and what causes water's surface tension?
What is capillarity?
Will capillary forces raise water higher in a sandstone or a siltstone? Why?
At what temperature does water reach its maximum density?
Why does ice float?
Define heat, calorie, British thermal unit, specific heat, latent heat
In calories/gram, what is the latent heat of fusion for water? Latent heat of vaporization?
Define viscosity.
If pure distilled water is an insulator why does surface water conduct electricity?
Explain why evaporation is a cooling process?
State Dalton's law.
Define humidity, specific humidity, relative humidity, dew point.
List and discuss the 4 influences discussed in class that effect evaporation rate.
Explain why in lakes water overturns twice/year.
What are condensation nuclei and what roll do they play in Earth's precipitation?

Define precipitation.
Discuss why the dominant wind direction is from the east at latitudes 0-30 and 60-90 and from the west at latitudes 30-60?
What is the Coriolis effect?
Why are deserts common at latitudes 30 and 90?
Discuss the process of convective precipitation.
Discuss the process of orographic precipitation.
Discuss the process of cyclonic precipitation.
Define air mass, front, cold front, warm front.
Discuss why the intensity of rainfall effects runoff versus infiltration.
What two substances are commonly used for cloud seeding and how does each work.
List the 10 factors discussed in class that influences runoff versus infiltration.
What is runoff? Infiltration?
Define porosity (equation).
What is permeability?
What is a perc test?
Discuss the movement of water through the zone of aeration from the beginning to the end of a rainstorm.
Define zone of aeration, unsaturated zone, vadose zone.
Define zone of saturation, phreatic zone, water table.
List the 3 factors discussed in class that influence infiltration rate.
Define drainage basin.
Define field capacity, specific retention, specific yield.
What is a tensiometer used for?
What is transpiration, evapotranspiration?
List the 3 processes discussed in class that are included in evapotranspiration.
In a temperate climate what percent of precipitation gets returned to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration?
What are semipermeable membranes?
What are hydrophytes, mesophytes, xerophytes, and phreatophytes?
What is groundwater?
Why does groundwater move?
Where does the cement that turns sediments into sedimentary rocks come from?
What are effluent streams? Influent streams?
Define recharge areas and discharge areas in terms of water table and groundwater movement.
What is the capillary fringe and why does it occur?
Would the capillary fringe be higher in clay or sand?
What are seeps, springs, and spas?
Describe fault, solution, fracture, and contact springs.
Define aquifer, aquiclude, aquitard, groundwater reservoir.
Explain how grain size and sorting in sediments effects porosity.
What is a typical porosity of sand (sediment) and sandstone?
Why does the size of the pore throat effect permeability?
What is the difference between primary and secondary porosity?
How can basalts make good aquifers?
Define unconfined aquifer, confined aquifer.
List the 2 conditions discussed in class necessary for an artesian well.
What is a nonflowing artesian well?
Write an equation for storage coefficient?
What is hydraulic head?
What is specific yield, specific retention, and specific storage?
What is a stratigraphic column?
What are contour maps?
What is a perched aquifer?
What is hydraulic gradient?
State Darcey's law.
What is hydraulic conductivity?
What is the difference between turbulent and laminar flow?
Describe how a cable-tool rig works.
Describe how a rotary rig works.
List at least 2 purposes that casing serves.
Why must a submersible pump at the bottom of a well be used to get water out of a well?
What is drawdown and the cone of depression?
List the 3 factors discussed in class the influence the shape of the cone of depression.
What is a potentiometric surface? How does it differ from a hydraulic head?
List 4 advantages and 4 disadvantages for storing water as groundwater rather than as surface water.
2 + 2 = 4.0000 Discuss why this is bad science.
Be prepared to work problems from labs 1-4.

State the 1979 Fish and Wildlife Service definition of wetlands.
List the 3 "attributes" used to define wetlands (1979 FWS)
What are hydrophytes?
What is hydric soil?
Are most wetlands in Michigan groundwater recharge or discharge areas?
What are tidal and nontidal wetlands?
What is the difference between marine and estuarine wetlands?
How often do high tides occur? What causes high tides?
Define brackish water, estuary
What are marshes?
What are salt marshes? Why do they occur?
What are emergent plants?
What are brackish marshes? Why do they occur?
What are tidal fresh marshes? Why do they occur?
What are swamps?
What are riverine, lacustrine, and palustrine wetlands?
What are savannas, glades, and Caroline bays?
What are fens? List the 3 subdivisions of fens and state the pH range of each.
What are bogs?
What are shrub swamps? Hardwood swamps?
What is the difference between a stream floodplain and a floodway?
Discuss an example of how the Pleistocene Ice Age resulted in wetlands in existence today.
What is peat?
What is muck?
What is hydrarch succession?
What does organic material accumulate in water saturated areas rather than decaying?
Give 2 ways you might recognize hydric soils.
List 5 functions discussed in class that wetlands serve.
What might the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) maps by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the County soil survey maps by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service not have all wetlands indentified?
List 10 factors that influence runoff versus infiltration.
What is interflow? Bank storage?
What is baseflow and what roll does it play in stream flow?
What is the difference between perennial and intermittent streams?
What is stream stage?
Discuss the 3-dimensional velocity of water in a straight section of stream channel.
Discuss the 3-dimensional velocity of water in a stream channel meander.
Define discharge.
What is stream load?
Discuss the 3 types of stream load transport covered in class.
Why do some streams have steep-walled canyons in their headwater regions but wide floodplains further down stream?
Define floodplain.

What are solvents and solutes.
Why is the TDS's generally higher in groundwater than surface water?
What is meant by a solvent being saturated with that particular solute? Supersaturated?
Where did the salt in the oceans come from?
Why aren't the oceans getting any saltier?
Define salinity.
What is a salt as defined in chemistry?
Define fresh water as defined by the USGS and the U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards in terms of ppm TDS.
What are the 7 common ions that make up most of the dissolved constituents found in water?
Why does groundwater get more saline with depth?
To what depths can you commonly expect "fresh water"?
What is water hardness?
What is water turbidity?
What does pH mean in terms of H+ and OH-?
What is water alkalinity?
What is the purpose of water disinfection and what are some common chemical used to disinfect water?.
What is the purpose of adding fluorine to water?
How does a water softener work?
Define water pollution.
Give an example of an oxygen-demanding waste and why is it a problem?
What is the most common source of acid pollution associated with mining in the eastern U.S.?
Discuss 2 sources of salt pollution.
What specific problems do phosphate and nitrate pollution cause?
Why is thermal pollution a problem?
What are some major sources of sediments in streams and why are excess sediments a problem?
Discuss two processes by which pollution in the ground is "naturally" cleaned up.
What are leachates?
Discuss the migration of leachates over time from a point source such as a landfill.
How does this migration differ for organic compounds that are heavier than water?
How does this migration differ for substances like gasoline that are partially soluble in water and volatile?
What are statutes?
What is common law?
Give a brief statement (1-2 sentences) about the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969.
Give a brief statement (1-2 sentences) about the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 and the Clean Water Amendments of 1977.
Give a brief statement (1-2 sentences) about the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-523) and 1986 Amendments.
Give a brief statement (1-2 sentences) about the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 and the Hazardous Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of 1984.
Give a brief statement (1-2 sentences) about the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 (commonly referred to as 'superfund"; Public Law 96-510) and Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986.
Give a brief statement (1-2 sentences) about the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (Public Law 92-516) and Amendments and the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and amendments.
Give a brief statement (1-2 sentences) about the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA).
Give a brief statement (1-2 sentences) about the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation and Control Act (UMTRCA) of 1978.
Discuss the Doctrine of Riparian Rights in terms of water rights. Where in the U.S. is this used?
Discuss the Doctrine of Prior Appropriation in terms of water rights. Where in the U.S. is this used?