Davis, George H. and Reynolds, Stephen J., 1996, Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions: 2nd edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 776p.

Introduction to the terminology, geometry, kinematics, and mechanics of rock deformation. Laboratory emphasizes geometric techniques of structural analysis. Course is offered Fall Semester. Credit: 4 semester hours. Lecture: three hours weekly. Laboratory: two hours weekly.  

Dr. Bradley teaches all the lectures and laboratories so there are plenty of opportunities for interaction. Much of the material for this course comes from personal experience so regular class attendance is essential to achieving a good grade in this class.

.	.	LECTURE	LABORATORY
SEP	.	.	.
Wed	3	Introduction (Chapter 1)	.
Fri	5	Map symbols & notation conventions (Hmwk #1 due 9/8)	.
Mon	8	Primary (nontectonic) structures (p. 656-662)	Lab 1: Block diagrams
Wed	10	Primary (nontectonic) structures (p. 656-662)	.
Fri	12	Primary (nontectonic) structures (p. 656-662)	.
Mon	15	Exam #1 - (lecture)	Lab 2: Structure contour maps
Wed	17	Rigid body deformation & strain (Chapter 2)	.
Fri	19	Strain (Chapter 4) - Homework 2 due 9/24	.
Mon	22	Stress (Chapter 3)	Lab 3: Planes and topography
Wed	24	Stress (Chapter 3) - Homework 3 due 9/29)	.
Fri	26	Rheology (Chapter 3)	.
Mon	29	Microstructures and deformation mechanisms (Ch. 4)	Lab 4: Attitudes of lines and planes
OCT	.	.	.
Wed	1	Microstructures and deformation mechanisms (Ch. 4)	.
Fri	3	Exam #2 - (lecture)	.
Mon	6	Joints and fractures (Chapter 5)	Lab 5: Stereonets (p. 691-704)
Wed	8	Joints and fractures (Chapter 5)	.
Fri	10	Exam #3 - covers labs 1-3	.
Mon	13	Fault classification and terminology (Chapter 6)	Lab 6: Slip and separation along faults
Wed	15	Fault classification and terminology (Chapter 6)	.
Fri	17	Thin-skinned thrusting (Chapter 6)	.
Mon	20	Thin-skinned thrusting (Chapter 6)	Lab 7: Geologic map interpretation
Wed	22	Thin-skinned thrusting (Chapter 6)	.
Fri	24	Basement-involved thrusting (Chapter 6)	.
Mon	27	Exam #4 - (lecture)	Lab 8: Aerial photo interpretation
Wed	29	Normal faulting (Chapter 6)	.
Fri	31	Normal faulting (Chapter 6)	.
NOV	.	.	.
Mon	3	Strike-slip faulting (Chapter 6)	Lab 9: Structural cross sections (p. 669-674)
Wed	5	Strike-slip faulting (Chapter 6)	.
Fri	7	Exam #5 - covers labs 4 - 7	.
Mon	10	Fold classification and terminology (Chapter 7)	Lab 10: Structure section in folded terrane
Wed	12	Fold classification and terminology (Chapter 7)	.
Fri	14	Exam #6 - (lecture)	.
Mon	17	Folding mechanisms (Chapter 7)	Lab 11: Structure section in faulted terrane
Wed	19	Folding mechanisms (Chapter 7)	.
Fri	21	Refolded (complex) folds (Chapter 8)	.
Mon	24	Exam #7 - covers labs 8 - 10	Lab 12: Cross section balancing (P. 676-679)
Wed	26	NO CLASS - Thanksgiving	.
Fri	28	NO CLASS - Thanksgiving	.
DEC	.	.
Mon	1	Stereoscopic analysis of folds	Lab 13: Down plunge projection (p. 674-676)
Wed	3	Cleavage, foliation, and lineation (Chapter 8)	.
Fri	5	Cleavage, foliation, and lineation (Chapter 8)	.
Mon	8	Shear zones and progressive deformation (Chapter 9)	Makeup Exam
Mon	15	Exam #8 - (lecture)	.

The details of this syllabus are subject to change with the changing needs of the class. Changes may include exam dates so attend class regularly to remain abreast of any changes.

Define strike, dip, trend, and plunge. Be prepared to read and write them in standard formats.
Define primary structure.
Define principle of original horizontality, principle of superposition, and principle of lateral continuity.
Be able to give the map symbols for horizontal, inclined, vertical, and overturned beds.
Define conformable contact.
Define unconformity, nonconformity, disconformity, and angular unconformity. Given two reasons for unconformities.
Discuss two ways you might distinguish an intrusive contact verses a depositional contact.
Draw asymmetric cross stratification and indicate the facing direction.
Define and give the origin of parting lineations.
Draw graded bedding and indicate the facing direction.
What are sole marks? How do they form? Show facing direction on a simple illustration of sole marks.
What are mudcracks? How do they form? Show facing direction on a simple illustration of mud cracks.
Define soft sediment deformation? How might you recognize it?
What are reduction spots? How do they form?
What are basalt pillows? How do they form? Show facing direction on a simple illustration of basalt pillows.
Draw a cross section of a typical volcanic flow. Show facing direction on a simple illustration of a volcanic flow.
Define columnar jointing, vesicle, and amygdule. Show facing direction on a simple illustration of an amygdule.

Define translation, rotation, dialtion, distortion.
Rigid body rotations are described by what 3 parameters.
Define strain, elastic strain, infinitesmal strain, nonrecoverable strain, and finite strain.
Define homogeneous strain. What are the 3 consequences of homogeneous strain we discussed in class.
Define heterogeneous strain. What are the 3 consequences of heterogeneous strain we discussed in class.
Define deformation, strain path, state of strain, and material line.
What are the strain ellipse and strain ellipsoid? Define the x, y, and z axes of the strain ellipsoid.
Define plane strain, coaxial strain, pure shear, noncoaxial strain, and simple shear.
Draw a simple illustration of pure and simple shear.
Define longitudinal strain, elongation, shortening, extension, stretch, e1, e2, and e3 .
Be prepared to solve equations for elongation, stretch, volumetric strain, shear strain, and quadratic elongation.
Be able to work problems similar to the finite strain analysis homework.
Define angular strain, angular shear, and shear strain.
Define force, body force, surface force. Write an equation for force.
Write an equation for stress.
Define traction.
What is the difference between shear stress and normal stress. Be able to solve a problem for shear and normal stress.
What are the stress ellipse and the stress ellipsoid?
How are the three principal stress directions defined?
What does s1 mean? s2? s3?
What is the difference between compressional and tensional normal stress? What sign convention is used for each?
What is the difference between dextral and sinistral shear stress? What sign convention is used for each?
Define strength.
Be able to work problems like the homework (including math).
Be able to draw mohr circles for two tensional stresses, two compressive stresses, one tensional and one compressional.
Define coulomb fracture criteria. How is it used with the mohr circle?
Discuss two methods by which stress can be directly measured in a borehole.
Define rheology, elastic material, viscous material, and plastic material.
How a given material deforms depends upon what four factors?
Discuss why confining pressure encourages ductile deformation.
What is hydrolytic weakening?
What is strain rate and how does it influence deformation? What are typical tectonic strain rates?
What is the brittle - ductile transition?
Define rigid and nonrigid body deformation.
Rigid body translations are defined by what 3 parameters?
Define point defect, vacancy, substitutional, interstitial, line defect, dislocation.
Define diffusion mass transfer, volume diffusion, Nabarro-Herring creep, grain-boundary, coble creep, pressure solution.
Define crystal plasticity, dislocation glide, dislocation creep, mechanical twinning, cataclastic flow.

Define fracture tip, fracture trace.
What are Griffith cracks?
Discuss the processes of tensile cracking.
Discuss the process of frictional sliding.
Discuss the process of cataclastic flow.
Define brittle deformation, fault, vein, shear fracture, and shear zone
Illustrate a crack in a crystal lattice. Discuss the paradox of theoretical rock strength versus propagation of cracks.
Define fracture, mode 1, 2, and 3 fractures.
Relate the formation of joints to sigma1 , sigma2 , and sigma3.
List the four reasons we discussed why joints may be of limited value in interpreting deformation.
Define cross joint, diagonal joint, longitudinal joint, and flat joint in respect to plutons.
Discuss the formation of basalt columns in relations to the stresses involved.
Draw a picture of plumose joints. How do they form? Show the direction of propagation on your diagram.
Define AC joint and radial joints in respect to folds.
Discuss the origin a sheeting joints. 
Define fault, slickensides, chatter marks
Be able to discuss in detail all the methods of fault recognition that we discussed in class
Discuss the evolution of triangular facets
Define slip, dip slip, strike slip, net slip, heave, throw, rake, separation, dextral, and sinistral
Be able to define normal, reverse, thrust, and strike-slip faults in terms of s1,s2, and s3 directions, relative movement, and common dip:
Map symbol for thrusts
Define thrust sheet, ramp, flat, ramp anticline, decollement, frontal ramp, lateral ramp, tear fault
What are fold and thrust belts?
Discuss in detail the 5 characteristics of fold and thrust belts we discussed in class
Discuss the relationship between ramps and flats with respect to the competency of the rock units.
Define rootless fold, fault-bend fold, floor thrust, roof thrust, duplex, horse, imbricate fan.
Discuss the relationship between the backlimb of a ramp anticline in respect to the dip of the ramp.
How does the dip of the backlimb of a ramp anticline compare with the dip of the forelimb?
What do you get younger thrust faults forming out-in-front-of and beneath older thrust faults?
Define break thrust, fault-propagation fold, tip line, detachment fold
What are the 3 geometric relationships discussed in class that occur as a result of how fault-propagation folds form?
Define foreland, hinterland, nappe, salient, recess, allochthonous, autochthonous
Discuss the critical-taper theory of thrust movement.
In what geographic area did the Sevier orogeny occur?
Discuss the style of Sevier thrusting in terms the type of faults, dip of the faults, involvement of basement, major structures, adjacent basin development, etc.
What is the timing of the Sevier orogeny?
Name four Sevier faults in put them in proper order from oldest to youngest? Which is the most eastern one?
In what geographic area did the Laramide orogeny occur?
Discuss the style of Laramide thrusting in terms the type of faults, dip of the faults, involvement of basement, major structures, adjacent basin development, etc.
What is the timing of the Laramide orogeny?
Name four Laramide mountain ranges. 

List four areas of extensive normal faulting
Discuss two theories as to why some normal faults listric?
What is the brittle - ductile transition and how is it defined?
Discuss the evolution of folding on listric normal faults.
Define sag pond, antithetic faults, synthetic faults, graben, half graben, horst, horst and graben structure.
If two active faults intersect one must die, discuss why this is so.
Why are half grabens favored over horst and graben structure?
Be prepared to draw diagrams and discuss the evolution of listric normal faults.
Why do older listric normal faults die out and become replaced by younger faults?
Define en echelon, growth faults.
What is a typical ratio of hanging wall downdrop versus footwall rise in normal faults? Why does the footwall rise?
Discuss why doubly plunging anticlines may form in the footwall adjacent to normal faults.
Discuss the role of transform faults along plate boundaries.
What are transcurrent faults?
What are Reidel shears and what geometric relationship do they have to shear zones. Be prepared to draw a figure.
What are conjugate Reidel shears and what geometric relationship do they have to shear zones. Draw them.
Discuss how strike-slip faulting may lead to the evolution of normal and/or reverse faults.
What are tension gash bands? How do the form? Relate their formation to the principal stress directions.
Define bend, stepover.
Discuss the evolution of a pull-apart basin.
Discuss the evolution of a pop-up.
Discuss two ways in which displacement on given fault can terminate laterally.
Define antiform, anticline, synform, syncline, hinge point, hinge zone, hinge line.
Define fold axis, fold limb, fold crest, fold trough, axial surface, axial plane, axial trace.
Define inflection point, inflection line, medial surface, fold amplitude, fold wavelength.
Define symmetric fold, asymmetric fold, Z - fold, S - fold, M and W folds.
Discuss Pumpelly's rule. Draw a fold showing the proper relationships of small scale folds to the large scale fold.
Define fold vergence. Be prepared to illustrate dextral and sinistral vergence.
Define facing, plunging fold.
Be prepared to draw the axial trace and the direction of plunge for on map views of anticlines and synclines.
Define monocline, homocline, dome, basin.
Define parallel fold, similar fold, harmonic fold, disharmonic fold, chevron fold, kink band.
List the five criteria by which folds are classified.
Reproduce the Fleuty and interlimb angle classification schemes.
What are dip isogons? Define class 1, 2, and 3 folds using this system. 

Define buckling, bending, passive flow folding, ductile flow, passive strain amplification
Discuss the processes of sedimentary loading and tectonic loading.
Give two examples of bending
Discuss two situations in which passive flow folding is common.
Discuss flexural folding and flexural flow folding. Which conditions favor each process.
List the five conditions that that we discussed in class that influence fold geometry.
Which layers control the wavelength and amplitude of major folds?
If all the layers involved are competent, which folding mechanism is favored and which type of folds result?
Discuss the origin of smaller scale Z, M, and S folds with respect to the formation of the larger fold.
Discuss the origin of kink bands. What mechanical conditions favor their formation?
What are the two conditions that determine the geometry of a fold interference pattern?
What conditions result in type 1 fold interference patterns? Type 2? Type 3?
Be prepared to use all the material presented in the structural analysis lecture. Discussed relations will be given on maps, stereonets etc.
Define cleavage, continuous cleavage, disjunctive cleavage, crenulation cleavage, spaced cleavage.
Discuss the relationship between cleavage and bedding in asymmetric folds.
Discuss refraction of cleavage in respect to layer competency.
Define intersection lineation, crenulation lineation, and mineral lineation.
How do mullions, pencil structures, and boudins form?
Define S0, S1, L1, L2, F1, F2, D1, D2.
What are ductile shear zones? How do they differ from brittle shear zones?
In thin section it is not uncommon to see quartz and micas deforming ductily and feldspars deforming brittly. Discuss why this may be so.
What is pseudotachylite?
Discuss strain in a fold hinge zone above and below the neutral surface of a bed.
Discuss the four major strain softening processes.