A study of the texture, chemistry, classification, origin, and evolution of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Laboratory emphasizes hand specimen identification of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Course offered Winter Semesters. Four semester hours. Lecture: three hours weekly. Laboratory: two hours weekly.

JANUARY                     LECTURE                                                    LABORATORY

Mon	7	Introduction (Chapter 1)
Wed	9	Igneous structures (Ch. 4)	Lec:  Igneous structures (Ch. 4)
Fri	11	Igneous structures (Ch. 4)
Mon	14	Igneous textures (Ch. 3)
Wed	16	Igneous textures (Ch. 3)	Lab 1: Mineral id in crystals
Fri	18	Lecture Exam 1
Mon	21	NO CLASS - Martin L. King Day
Wed	23	Classification of igneous rocks (Ch. 2)	Lab 2:  Mineral id in xstals & rocks
Fri	25	Phase diagrams (Ch 6); Hmwk (due 1/30)
Mon	28	Petrogen., move., & mod. of magmas (Ch. 10-11)
Wed	30	Petrogen., move., & mod. of magmas (Ch. 10-11)	Quiz 1; Lab 3: Mineral id in rocks

FEBRUARY

Fri	1	Petrology of the mantle
Mon	4	Mid-Ocean ridge volcanism (Ch. 13)
Wed	6	Oceanic intraplate volcanism (Ch. 14)	Quiz 2; Lab 4: Classification of ig rx
Fri	8	Lecture Exam 2
Mon	11	Igneous rocks of island arcs (Ch. 16)
Wed	13	Igneous rocks of continental arcs (Ch. 17)	Quiz 3; Lab 5: Id of igneous rocks
Fri	15	Continental flood basalts (Ch. 15)
Mon	18	Continental alkaline magmatism (Ch. 19)
Wed	20	Lecture Exam 3	Quiz 4; Lab 6: Id of igneous rocks
Fri	22	Introduction to Metamorphism (Ch. 21)
Mon	25	NO CLASS - Winter Recess
Wed	27	NO CLASS - Winter Recess

MARCH

Fri	1	NO CLASS - Winter Recess
Mon	4	Microstructures and deformation mechanisms (Ch. 23)
Wed	6	Microstructures and deformation mechanisms (Ch. 23)	Quiz 5; Lab 7: Mineral id in rocks
Fri	8	Metamorphic textures and structures (Ch. 23)
Mon	11	Metamorphic textures and structures (Ch. 23)
Wed	13	Isograds & metamorphic facies (Ch. 24-25)	Quiz 6; Lab 8: Mineral id in rocks
Fri	15	Isograds & metamorphic facies (Ch. 24-25)
Mon	18	Lecture Exam 4
Wed	20	Assemblages, reactions, and equilibrium (Ch. 24)	Quiz 7; Lab 9: Id of meta. rocks
Fri	22	Assemblages, reactions, and equilibrium (Ch. 24)
Mon	25	Controls of metamorphic reactions (Ch. 24)
Wed	27	Meta. of mafic igneous rocks (Ch. 22)	Quiz 8; Lab 10: Alta stock
Fri	29	NO CLASS - Spring Recess	(due 4/17)

APRIL

Mon	1	Meta. of mafic igneous rocks (Ch. 22)
Wed	3	Lecture Exam 5	Quiz 9; Lab 11: Id of meta. rocks
Fri	5	Metamorphism of pelitic sediments (Ch. 28)
Mon	8	Metamorphism of pelitic sediments (Ch. 28)
Wed	10	Metamorphism of calcareous rocks (Ch. 29)	Lab Exam:  Id ig & meta rx and mins
Fri	12	Metamorphism of calcareous rocks (Ch. 29)	(40 points)
Mon	15	Contact meta. & metasomatism (Ch. 21 & 30)
Wed	17	Contact meta. & metasomatism (Ch. 21 & 30)	Makeup exam
Fri	19	Dynamic metamorphism (Chapter 22)
Wed	24	Lecture Exam 6

The details of this syllabus are subject to change with the changing needs of the class. Changes may include exam dates so attend class regularly to remain abreast of any changes.

Define petrology, petrography, and petrogenesis.
Define igneous rocks, plutonic rocks, and volcanic rocks.
Define texture and structure.
Discuss the formation of a shield volcano. Name a shield volcano (specific montain)
Define pahoehoe and aa lava
Draw a cross section of a typical basalt flow, label and discuss the formation of all parts.
Discuss the formation of stratovolcanoes. Give an example (specific name)
Define ash, lapilli, bomb, ignimbrite, pyroclastic, pyroclastic flow, nuée ardente, tuff, welded tuff
Compare/contrast silicic and mafic magmas in terms of temperature, silica content, volatle content, viscosity, and type of volcano expected
Define flood basalts and lava plateau. Give an example (geographic area)
Define basaltic plane. Give an example (geographic area).
Discuss the formation of a cinder cone
Define xenolith, autolith, flow banding
List 5 lines of evidence that plutonic rocks were once molten
Define pluton, stock, batholith, roof pendant, miarolitic cavity, dike, sill, laccolith, phacolith, and lopolith.
Define holohyaline, hypocrystalline, and holocrystalline.
Define crystallites, microlites, fine-, medium-, coarse-, and very coarse-grained, pegmatitic, and porphyritic.
Define phenocrysts, groundmass, porphyry, and glomeroporphyritic.
Define euhedral, subhedral, and anhedral.
Define idiomorphic granular, hypidiomorphic granular, and allotriomorphic granular.
Define microlitic, vitrophyric, sperulitic, lithophysae, vesicle, vesicular, amygdule, and pyroclastic.
Define poikilitic, graphic, myrmekitic, granophyric, zoned crystal, rapakivi, corona texture.
Define cryptocrystalline and microcrystalline.
Define aplitic, diabasic, glassy, reticulate, skeletal crystal, and vitrophyric.
Define breccia, eutaxitic, lithophysae, perlitic, pumiceous, scoriaceous, spherulitic, and welded.

Be able to reproduce the top half of the IUGS diamond-shaped diagrams for plutonic and volcanic rocks.
Define the 4 corners of the IUGS diamond-shaped diagrams for plutonic and volcanic rocks.
Illustrate and discuss albite twinning in plagioclase and its use in identifying plagioclase from K-spar.
Discuss how you would distinguish orthoclase from microcline from sanidine?
Be able to answer the following questions for each rock group (granite, alkali granite, syenite, alkali syenite, nepheline syenite, monzonite, diorite, gabbro, rhyolite, dacite, trachyte, phonolite, latite, andesite, basalt): % quartz, % and type K-spar (or feldspathoid), % and typical composition of plagioclase, % and type mica, % and type amphibole, % and type pyroxene.
Define system, open system, closed system, isolated system, stable system, unstable system, and metastable system.
Define unary, binary, ternary, and quaternary systems
Define intensive variable. What are the three intensive variables of interest in geology.
Be able to work with the phase rule.
Be able to interpret unary and binary phase diagrams.
Be able to work problems similar to the homework.
Define liquidus temperature, liquidus curve, solidus temperature, solidus curve, eutectic.Where does magma come from? Give at least three lines of evidence to support you answer.
Discuss 4 lines of evidence that the mantle is ultramafic.
From what depth range does magma come from? Support your answer.
Discuss Bowen's reaction series. Draw a diagram of all the minerals involved.
Discuss the sequence of crystallization of a magma based upon silicate structures.
How are isotopic ratios used to determine the source of magmas?
Define primary magma.
List seven factors that will influence how fast and how far a magma will rise.
Discuss the two general mechanisms for magma rise.
At what percent partial metling does magma become mobile.
Discuss how the generation of magma may result in crack propagation.
Discuss crystal-liquid fractionation including processes by which it may occur.
Discuss liquid immiscibility, vapor transport, and diffusion in terms of magma modification.
Discuss magma mixing and assimilation in terms of magma modification.
Discuss the P-wave and S-wave shadow zones in relation to the interior of the earth being layered.
What does the Moho represent in terms of composition and seismic velocities.
Be able to discuss the layers of the mantle (composition and seismic velocities), layer names, and boundary names.
What are MORB and IOB?
What is the thickness of the lithosphere at the mid-ocean ridges? How does this compare with the thickness of the crust?
What minerals makeup a lherzolite?
What percent partial melting of the mantle is necessary to form MORB?
Discuss the differences between tholeiite and alkali olivine basalt in terms of pyroxenes, olivine, and minor constituents.
Be able to draw a cross section of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge including dimensions in meters and major structures.
Be able to discuss the thickness and composition of the layers of the oceanic crust.
What is a black smoker?
What are spilites and how do they form?
Discuss the origin of ocean island (intraplate) basalts.
Discuss the origin of the Hawaiian Islands.

What is a Benioff zone?
Define trench, forearc basin, backarc basin.
What are typical depths of magma generation in subduction zones?
Discuss the two leading theories for the generation of magma in a subduction zone.
Be able to discuss in detail the three types of convergent plate margins and the volcanism associated with each.
The position of an island arc corresponds to what depth of a subducting plate?
Discuss pros and cons of the theory of partial melting of the mantle wedge as the source of magma.
What are ophilolite sequences? How do they form? Name one and where is it located.
What is the difference between island arcs and magmatic arcs?
Discuss the origin of granite in terms of the theories of granitization, fractional crystalization of basaltic magma, and hybridization.
Define peralkaline, peraluminous, metaluminous, S, A, and I-type granites.
What is pressure quenching?
Discuss the origin of aplites and pegmatites.
Discuss the origin, timing, location, and thickness of the Columbia River basalts.
Discuss the origin of kimberlites.
Discuss the origin of komatiites.
Discuss the origin of carbonatites.

Define metamorphism, neocrystallization, recrystallization, cataclasis.
Discuss the difference between deviatoric and lithostatic stress and the growth of minerals under each.
What is the difference between foliation and lineation? Draw a block diagram showing a rock with foliation only and another block diagram showing both foliation and lineation.
What are the two most common chemically active fluids in metamorphism?
What is meant when a fluid is said to be active?
In class we divided metamorphism into three major catagories based upon what criteria?
Be prepared to write a brief statement defining each of the following types of metamorphism, the dominant agents of metamorphism, where and under what conditions each type of metamorphism occurs: contact, dynamic, static, metasomatism, dynamothermal, and shock metamorphism.
What is the difference between isochemical and allochemical metamorphism?
What is prograde metamorphism? Give an example of where you might see it.
What is retrograde metamorphism?What are point defects? Line defects? What role do they play in stress?
What is a vacancy? Substitutional? Interstitial?
Discuss the two kinds of dislocations.
Define diffusion mass transfer. Discuss the three types we discussed in class.
Discuss the process of Nabarro-Herring creep, coble creep, and pressure solution.
Discuss the two types of crystal plasticity.
Discuss the process of cataclastic flow.
What are relict structures?
What is the difference between a blastoporphyritic and a porphyroblastic texture?
How is a slate distinguished from a phyllite from a schist from a gneiss?
Define the following textures: crystalloblastic, granoblastic, hornfelsic, decussate, cataclastic, idioblastic, hypidioblastic, and allotrioblastic.
What are augen?
Discuss why compositional banding in paragneiss may not reflect original sedimentary bedding.
Under what conditions is neocrystallization favored and under what conditions is recrystallization favored?
Discuss why even under deviatoric stress some monomineralic rocks will commonly exhibit granoblastic textures.
What is the difference between orthogneiss and paragneiss?
What are isograds?
What are index minerals?
List the typical critical mineral assemblage for a pelite for the following Barrovian zones: chlorite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, kyanite, and sillimanite.
Draw a phase diagram for the three polymorphs of Al2SiO5. Discuss the differences between the Buchan and Barrovian facies series in terms of this diagram.
What are metamorphic facies? Be prepared to draw a metamorphic facies diagram in P-T space.
In class we discussed the intrusion of a 1 km wide 1200 degree celsius basaltic dike intruded into 0 degree C country rocks. In terms of this discussion and assuming conductive heat transfer only, discuss the temperature distribution in the country rocks with distance from the dike, typical width of the metamorphic halo, and time until the magma is 100% crystallized.

Define equilibrium, mineral assemblage.
Name the eleven major oxides used to define the bulk composition of rocks.
Discuss why if mineral assemblages reflect equilibrium (by definition) why don't high temperature minerals rapidly alter when brought to the surface of the earth?
How would you recognize that equilibrium conditions have been achieved in any given rock?
Give four indications of disequilibrium in a given rock.
Since metamorphism involved neocrystallization and/or recrystallization how can retrograde metamorphism be recognized?
What does P-T-X stand for?
Draw a P-T-X diagram for the three polymorphs of Al2SiO5. Be sure to label each field and give the exact T & P of the triple point.
What are petrogenetic grids? Be prepared to read one.
What is a reaction line on a petrogenetic grid?
What are isothermal - isobaric diagrams? What are they used for?
Be prepared to plot the following minerals on a 3 - component phase diagram: quartz, corundum, andalusite, kyanite, sillimanite, anorthite, wollastonite, and grossular.
Define A, C, and F on an ACF diagram.
Define A', K, and F on an A'KF diagram.
Define endothermic and exothermic reactions. Give an example of each.
At depths shallower than about 10 kilometers there is a difference between lithostatic pressure and fluid pressure. What is the difference (a number), why is there a difference, and why don't we see a difference below about 10 kilometers?
What are fluid inclusions? How are they used in metamorphic petrology?
Write a balanced reaction for the formation of wollastonite.
Know the chemical formulas for the following minerals: quartz (SiO2), microcline (KAlSi3O8), albite (NaAlSi3O8), anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8), wollastonite (CaSiO3), calcite (CaCO3), kyanite - sillimanite - andalusite: (Al2SiO5).
Discuss the change in mineral assemblages present as you approach a hydrothermal conduit associated with a black smoker.
Discuss, in detail, the origin for metamorphic rocks containing cordierite and anthophyllite assuming you started with MORB.
Define zeolite facies in terms of temperatures, pressures, typical mineral assemblage (mafic igneous protolith), and typical reactions that occur to produce zeolites.
Define prehnite-pumpellyite facies in terms of temperatures, pressures, typical mineral assemblage (mafic igneous protolith), and typical reactions that mark the beginning of the facies.
Define greenschist facies in terms of temperatures, pressures, typical mineral assemblage (mafic igneous protolith), and typical reactions that mark the beginning of the facies.
What minerals can be used to distinguish lower greenschist facies from upper greenschist facies (mafic igneous protolith)?
What would be the characteristic mineral for metamorphism of dunite and pyroxenite in the greenschist facies?
Define amphibolite facies in terms of temperatures, pressures, typical mineral assemblage (mafic igneous protolith), and typical reactions that mark the beginning of the facies.
Define granulite facies in terms of temperatures, pressures, typical mineral assemblage (mafic igneous protolith), and typical reactions that mark the beginning of the facies.
Define blueschist facies in terms of temperatures, pressures, typical mineral assemblage (mafic igneous protolith), and typical reactions that mark the beginning of the facies.
Discuss the tectonics involved in the formation of blueschist facies.
Define ecolgite facies in terms of temperatures, pressures, typical mineral assemblage, and typical reactions that mark the beginning of the facies.

Pelites are high in aluminum. List some minerals that may occur in low, medium, and high grades of metamorphism as a result of this excess aluminum.
What is a metamorphic field gradient?
The Barrovian series corresponds to what metamorphic field gradient?
The Buchan series corresponds to what metamorphic field gradient?
List the typical mineral assemblage for an argillaceous sediment metamorphosed in the greenschist facies.
List the typical mineral assemblage for the chlorite zone, biotite zone, garnet zone, staurolite zone, kyanite zone, sillimanite zone, sillimanite-orthoclase zone of the Barrovian series.
What are migmatites. How do they form?
List the typical mineral assemblage for the cordierite and andalusite zones of the Buchan series.
What is coesite? Give its chemical formula.
What is leucosome? How does it form?
What does lit par lit injection refer to?
What is melanosome? How does it form?
What is restite?
What is a good estimate of the temperature in the country rocks near the contact of a pluton.
What is meant by mixed volatile reactions?
What are decarbonation reactions. Give an example.
What are dehydration reactions. Give an example.
Give an example of a combined decarbonation and dehydration reaction.
Discuss why the presence of water in a carbonate might reduce the temperature at which a given reaction may take place.
What is buffering?
Discuss a typical sequence of of metamorphic reactions for the progressive metamorphism of impure dolostones.
Discuss to ways in which wollastonite might form. Which is the more common?
Summarize the progressive metamorphism of calc-silicates in regards to mineral groups expected a low, medium, and high levels of metamorphism.
Define the ankerite zone, biotite zone, amphibolite zone, zoisite zone, diopside zone.
What are skarns and how do they form?Why are hornfelses common adjacent to plutons? What is the protolith of hornfelses?
Give the typical mineral assemblage for either pelitic or basic rocks for the following facies: albite-epidote hornfels, hornblende hornfels, pyroxene hornfels, and sanidinite.
How does contact metamorphism differ from metasomatism in regards to hydration reactions?
What is an alteration zone?
List the critical mineral assemblage for the following alteration zones: prophylitic, phyllic, argillic, and advanced argillic,
What is cataclasis? What conditions favor cataclasis?
Define cataclastic breccia, gouge,
Discuss the differences between cataclasis and mylonitization.
Define protomylonite, orthomylonite, and ultramylonite.