Tarbuck, Edward J. and Lutgens, Frederick K., 2003, Earth Science: 10th edition, Prentice Hall, 686p.

.	.	LECTURE
JAN	.	.
Mon	5	Introduction (p. 1-17); Minerals (Chapter 1)
Mon	12	Igneous Rocks and Processes (Chapters 2 and 8)
Mon	19	No class - Martin L. King Day
Mon	26	Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks and Processes (Ch. 2)
FEB	.	.
Mon	2	Exam 1; Topo Maps, Earth Grids, Townships (Appendix B)
Mon	9	Weathering (Chapter 3); Soils (Chapter 3)
Mon	16	Mass Wasting (Chapter 3); Groundwater (Chapter 4)
Mon	23	NO CLASS - Winter Recess
MAR	.	.
Mon	1	Streams (Chapter 4); Glaciers (Chapter 5)
Mon	8	Exam 2; Waves and Coasts (Chs. 12 & 13)
Mon	15	Relative and Absolute dating; Earth history (Chs. 10 & 11)
Mon	22	Faults, Folds, and Earthquakes (Chapters 9 & 6)
Mon	29	Plate Tectonics (Chapter 7)
APR	.	.
Mon	9	Exam 3; Seasons (Chapter 14); Atmosphere: Composition and Structure (Chapter 15)
Mon	11	Atmosphere: Heat, Temperature, and Moisture (Chapters 15 & 16); Air Masses and Fronts (Chapter 18)
Mon	13	Exam 4

The details of this syllabus are subject to change with the changing needs of the class. Changes may include exam dates so attend class regularly to remain abreast of any changes.

Define science, hypothesis, theory, law.
Know the steps of the scientific method of inquiry.
Precisely define the principle of uniformitarianism. List the 3 major parts we discussed in class.
The universe mostly consists of what two elements?
Define fusion
What is the typical origin for elements 3 through 26?
What is the typical origin for elements above 26?
What is the temperature (°C) at the center of the earth?
What is the temperature (°C) on the surface of the sun?
Define element, atom, atomic number, atomic mass.
What are ions? Cations? Anions? Isotopes?
Define mineral (all 5 parts necessary)
What are silicates? What 2 elements are silicates based on?
Define streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, conchoidal fracture, specific gravity
What is the rock cycle?
Define igneous rocks, magma, lava, volatile, viscosity
What is the major constituent of most magmas?
What are the most common volatiles?
Where does magma come from?
Define geothermal gradient. What is the geothermal gradient in the lower peninsula of Michigan?
At what temperature do rocks begin to melt?
List the 3 influences on viscosity we discussed in class.
What is the temperature, SiO2 content, viscosity, volatile content, and expected type of volcano of mafic magmas.
What is the temperature, SiO2 content, viscosity, volatile content, and expected type of volcano of silicic magmas.
What is the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous processes?
Discuss the origin of shield volcanoes. Give an example of one. Magma type?
Discuss the origin of stratovolcanoes. Give an example of one. Magma type?
Define pahoehoe and aa lava.
Discuss the two phases of eruption of a composite volcano.
Define pluton, texture.
What are the two criteria by which igneous rocks are named.
What is the difference between volcanic and plutonic rocks?
Be able to reproduce the classification for igneous rocks we used in class.
Define lithification. What are the two parts we discussed in class.
What is the most distinguishing feature of sedimentary rocks?
What are the 4 main processes in the formation of a sedimentary rock that we discussed in class?
What are the most common cements?
Why do rocks compact?
What is bedding?
What is the law of original horizontality?
What is the law of lateral continuity?
What is cross bedding?
Draw a picture of graded bedding. How does it form?
What are mudcracks? How do they form?
What are clastic sedimentary rocks?
Using grain size define: conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale
What is the most common clastic sedimentary rock?
What is the most common nonclastic sedimentary rock?
What are evaporates? Give an example of one.
What is coal made of?
Define metamorphism.
What are the 3 causes of metamorphism that we discuss in class?
Define stress (an equation), asperity, triple junction, directed stress, foliation, lineation
What is the primary texture resulting from directed stress.
How would you distinguish a shale from a phyllite, from a schist, from a gneiss?
Define marble, quartzite. Under what kind of stress do these rocks form?

Define meridian, prime meridian, longitude, parallel, latitude, equator, North pole
The prime meridian goes through what city in England?
How many minutes are in a degree? How many seconds of arc are in a minute of arc?
Define principle meridian, baseline, township, range, section.
How many acres are in a section?
What does NW NE SE T. 1N R. 5E Sec. 17 mean?
What is a topographic map?
Define contour, contour interval, relief, bench mark, elevation, fractional scale, graphic scale.
Define weathering, mechanical weathering, chemical weathering
What is the most common mechanical weathering process.
What are the 3 conditions we discussed in class that are necessary for frost wedging to be an effective process?
Define talus, sheeting, exfoliation dome.
Define hydrolysis, dissolution, oxidation.
As discussed in class what are the 3 influences on the rate of weathering?
Discuss the rate of weathering of limestone in a humid versus a dry climate.
Define regolith, soil, humus, loam, soil texture.
Soil is made up of what 4 things?
How does parent material influence soil development? Is parent material more influential in a young or old soil?
How does time influence soil development?
How does climate influence soil development? Is climate more influential in a young or old soil?
How does slope influence soil development?
Define soil profile, O horizon, A horizon, B horizon, C horizon. What are each made of?
Define mass wasting, angle of repose, unconsolidated, consolidated.
List the 3 factors that we discussed in class that influence mass wasting.
What are the 2 factors we discussed in class that influence the angle of repose?
What 3 things are used to classify mass movements?
Define landslide, sliding, flowing.
Define rockfall, rock slide, rock avalanche, creep, earthflow, debris flow, mudflow, slump.
Name at least four influences on whether water infiltrates or runsoff the surface fo the earth.
Define zone of aeration, zone of saturation, water table, groundwater, porosity, permeability.
Define aquiclude, aquifer, well, drawdown, cone of depression, artesian well.
What 2 criteria, as discussed in class, are necessary for a well to be artesian?
What is the most common agent in the development of landforms on the earth?
Define stream.
What are 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc. order streams?
Define base level.
What is the difference between a tributary and a distributary steam?
What is the difference between turbulent and laminar flow?
Define discharge, permanent stream, intermittent stream.
Discuss the distribution of stream velocity in a straight section of stream channel.
Discuss the distribution of stream velocity in a stream meander.
Define stream load, bed load.
List the 3 means we discussed in class by which sediment is transported by a stream.
What are the 3 mechanisms we discussed in class by which stream bed load moves.
Define glacier.
Discuss 2 ways that glaciers erode.
Discuss glacial plucking.
Define glacial drift, till, outwash, and erratics.
What are typical rates of glacial movement?
Define alpine glacier, continental glacier, zone of accumulation, snowline, zone of ablation.
Define arete, horn, cirque, terminal moraine, lateral moraine, medial moraine, recessional moraine, end moraine.
What is a hanging valley and how do they form?
Define ground moraine, esker, kettle, kettle lake, kame
When did the Pleistocene ice age begin? End?

Be familiar with the coriolis effect.
Discuss deep ocean circulation.
Discuss near surface ocean circulation.
Define high, low, spring, and neap tides.
Define wave crest, trough, height, period, and wavelength.
What is wave base?
What are long shore currents?
Discuss the theory of catastrophism.
Discuss the theory of uniformitarianism.
Discuss the principle of original horizontality.
Discuss the principle of superposition.
Discuss the principle of lateral continuity.
Discuss the principle of faunal succession.
Discuss the principle of cross cutting relations.
Discuss the principle of inclusion.
What are fossils, microfossils, and trace fossils.
Define unconformity, angular unconformity.
Define Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.
What is the absolute time scale based upon?
What is the relative time scale based upon?
Is decay rate affected by temperature, pressure, or chemical binding forces?
Define half-life.
What is the age of the earth?
Memorize the geologic Periods.
During which geologic Period did the dinosaurs go extinct?
Define earthquake. What causes earthquakes?
Discuss the elastic rebound theory of earthquakes.
Define earthquake focus and epicenter.
Discuss the vibration direction relative to the propagation direction for P, S, and surface waves.
What is the typical upper crustal velocity of a primary wave? A secondary wave.
Which seismic wave is associated with ground roll?
What are seismographs and how do they work?
Be able to locate the epicenter of an earthquake.
List the 3 factors we discussed in class that influence the intensity of an earthquake.
Define earthquake magnitude.
On the Richter scale, a 1 magnitude jump corresponds to what increase in ground motion? What increase in total energy?
What is the thickness of continental crust, oceanic crust, mantle, outer core, inner core, radius of the earth?
Define orogenesis, strike, dip.
Define anticline, antiform, sycline, synform, symmetric fold, asymmetric fold, overturned limb.
Define fold crest, fold limb, hinge line, dome, basin.
Define fault, joint, normal fault, reverse fault, thrust fault, strike-slip fault.
Define hanging wall, footwall.
Define isostacy.
List Wegner's 5 lines of evidence in support of his theory of continental drift that we discussed in class.
What is the theory of sea floor spreading?
What is the theory of polar wandering?
What does magnetic reversal have to do with sea floor spreading?
What is the theory of plate tectonics?
What is the lithosphere?
What are divergent, convergent, and passive plate margins? Give an example of each.

Define rotation, revolution, retrograde motion.
Describe Jean Foucault's experiment demonstrating the rotation of the earth?
Discuss Ptolemy's explanation of the cause of retrograde motion of planets.
Define stellar parallax.
What planetary motion results in day and night?
How many hours, minutes, and seconds does it take for the sun to travel from zenith to zenith.
Define mean solar day and mean sidereal day - discuss why there is a difference between the two in terms of the number of degrees of earth rotation, length in hours, minutes, and seconds.
What is the geometric shape of the earth's orbit around the sun?
What is the average velocity of the earth as it travels around the sun?
What is the average distance between the earth and the sun?
Define perihelion, on what date does it occur, what is the distance between the earth and sun on this date?
Define aphelion, on what date does it occur, what is the distance between the earth and sun on this date?
Define ecliptic, what is the plane of the ecliptic?
How many degrees is the earth's rotation axis inclined from the plane of the ecliptic?
Define precession. What is the period, in years, of the earth's precession?
Why does the earth have seasons?
At what latitude is the sun directly overhead in the northern hemisphere on the summer solstice? On what date does this occur?
At what latitude is the sun directly overhead in the northern hemisphere on the winter solstice? On what date does this occur?
At what latitude is the sun directly overhead in the northern hemisphere on the spring equinox? On what date does this occur?
At what latitude is the sun directly overhead in the northern hemisphere on the autumn equinox? On what date does this occur?
Why does the length of daylight change throughout the year in Michigan?
Define meteorology, weather, climate.
What percent of earth's atmosphere is nitrogen? Oxygen?, Carbon Dioxide? Water vapor?
What roll does dust, smoke, etc. have in the formation of clouds?
What is ozone and what wavelengths of light does it filter?
At what altitude do we define the top of the earth's atmosphere? Is this boundary sharp or gradational?
Define troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere in terms of temperature change with altitude and relative position above the earth's surface.
Define solid, liquid, and gas in terms of molecular bonds and freedom of movement.
Define temperature in terms of molecular motion.
Define heat, conduction, convection, radiation.
Define advection.
What is the difference between radio waves, microwaves, visible light, x-rays, and gamma radiation?
List the 4 observations about radiant energy that we discussed in class.
What is the cause of diffused light?
Why is the sky blue? Why is the sky sometimes red when the sun is on the horizon?
Define albedo.
List 4 greenhouse gases in earth's atmosphere. Which is the most important in regards to warming the earth?
Define calorie.
Know the temperatures at which water freezes and boils at sea level.
What is latent heat?
Be able to define the following terms and to state the number of calories each requires for water: evaporation, condensation, melting, freezing, sublimation, and condensation.
Discuss why evaporation is a cooling process.
Define humidity, specific humidity, relative humidity, water vapor capacity, and dew point.
What is a sling psychrometer? What does it measure? How does it work?
What is a hygrometer? What does it measure? How does it work?
What are adiabatic temperature changes?
What are typical dry and wet adiabatic rates?
Define environmental lapse rate.
What is meant by a stable (or unstable) atmosphere?
What criteria are used to classify clouds?
The exam will contain pictures of clouds - be prepared to identify all types discussed in class.
What is fog?
If clouds are droplets of water, why don't the drops fall out of the sky? What causes the drops to eventually fall out?
Define air pressure.
Give the standard air pressure at sea level in millibars, pounds/inch, and inches of mercury.
What is a barometer? What does it measure? How does it work?
What is an aneroid barometer?
What is an altimeter? What does it measure? How does it work?
Why is there wind?
What are isobars?
List three influences that we discussed in class that effect wind direction and/or velocity.
What is pressure gradient force?
Be prepared to read weather map wind direction and speed symbols.
What is the coriolis effect.?
Define cyclone, anticyclone.
What are land and sea breezes? Why do they form?
What are mountain and valley breezes? Why do they form?
What are air masses and how do they form?
What criteria are used to classify air masses?
In regards to North America what are the temperature and moisture characteristics continental polar air masses and geographically where do they originate?
In regards to North America what are the temperature and moisture characteristics maritime tropical air masses and geographically where do they originate?
What is the lake effect?
Define front, warm front, cold front, stationary front, occulted front. Also know the map symbol for each.
What is orographic precipitation?
What is the typical slope of a warm front? A cold front?
Why is weather more severe along cold fronts than warm fronts?
What are mid-latitude cyclones? How do they form?
Define thunder storm.
Be able to calculate how far way lightning is.